History Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Philosophy Essay

History Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh Philosophy Essay Humanization responds to a necessity to complement the extremes that converge in the nature of the human being, by which the process of achieving a balance in life can be realized as these extremes shorten its distance and be able to assimilate and associate within the condition of being human. In the epic of Gilgamesh, this is how this complementarity is set between the relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, beings of opposite natures. They will find their human condition under the direct influence that one have over the other. In the vast path they will manage to perform great tasks and adventures, which will further enhance their ties of friendship and loyalty. On one hand, Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, was shown to be a haughty, tyrant and an arrogant character. He is son of Lugulbanda, king of the first dynasty of Uruk and his mother Ninsun, who was a minor goddess. The gods created him with a perfect body. The bigger part of him was made in heaven and the smaller part somewhere on earth. (Jackson 21) The almost divine sublimity of Gilgamesh makes him not be considered human, and in his mind he does not consider the idea of death as a real possibility as for the rest of the human beings. What magnifies his tyranny and arrogance makes him be feared among the people of Uruk. On the other hand, Enkidu, created by Aruru to be the counterpart of Gilgamesh, was born as an animal. He grew up in the woods, raised by nature with a wild personality. He did not know of people and lived with gazelles. Enkidu, the boy who walked on mountains, who eats the food of the beasts and, like the beasts, comes down at will to drink from the watery hole (Jackson 23). Enkidu was seduced by a prostitute named Shamhat and this being his rite of humanization. She let him see what a force a girl can have, and he stayed with her scented bush for seven nights (Jackson 23). The friends he has from on wild will exile him if he presses his person (Jackson 23). Due to this fact, Enkidu starts to build awareness and reason, so he finally acquires the courage to go in search of Gilgamesh. The prostitute said to him Please come with me and be my love at the immaculate domicile and there we will see Gilgamesh, the powerful (Jackson 24). The closer these poles, the greater the possibility is of creating a balance between them. I pray for fortune and for fate to send me such a one that I may have a friend whos as kind and patient as a brother.(Jackson 26). He manages to lose his arrogance and a process of humanization begins that makes him leave behind his tyranny. That is why Gilgamesh forges ties of friendship with Enkidu. Enkidu and Gilgamesh joined in sacred friendship and sealed their solemn bond with a noble kiss. (Jackson 28). Both showing different types of forces complement what they represent and go humanizing constantly to each other. Enkidu worries about how he will die; being as a wild animal when raised in the woods he never had thought about the real meaning that death could have. Moreover, for Gilgamesh, the death of his friend Enkidu marks a turning point in his life. From there one, he achieved assuming his human condition, and therefore mortal. Two systems can be found between the world that is ours, imperfect, and the divine world. The imperfect world is the world of Gilgamesh in which there is suffering. The Divine world where Enkidu comes from is a world where there is no suffering, where there is immortality. The story is based on tragedy as the two protagonists break the rules established by the gods. Aristotle stated that the person who does not dwell within the human limits is either a beast or a God. He defined the limits of the human field with divinity in one end and animal nature in the other. The Gods differ from humans by their immortality, for these beings, death is something impossible. On the other hand, the animals lack the awareness of death and it is something unthinkable. Against these impossible and unthinkable aspects man is aware of his death. This awareness is what marks the limit of the human, the divine and the animal. Taking it to the case of Gilgamesh, believed that being a demigod he was immortal. For him it was impossible, but to witness the death of his friend Enkidu. He realizes death and led him to consider the subject of death and above all to fear it. For Enkidu, being in a primitive and animal state he was not aware of death. His state of irrationality was not able to understand that one day he will die. The death of Enkidu is the destination to which he must return, because he is the god of the underworld. His destiny was to return to the chaos. On the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh does not support the idea of being without his beloved friend and much less the idea of dying, but failing in his attempts to attain immortality, accepts resigned and becomes a wise man and returned to his life of ruling in Uruk. Gilgamesh undertake a tireless search to achieve immortality; in the same way as other mortal have done it, the distant Utnapishtim found it through the gods. Ive come to ask directions to Utnapishtim, who lives so free beyond deaths deep, deep lake. Where can he be?(Jackson 52). During his voyage, disappointment and discouragement take over him and makes him a man consumed by sadness. God, has your heart forgotten me? (Jackson 61). The characters are relatively free because when they go to some of their adventures, specifically when hunting Humbaba, is it totally their decision to let the monster live or kill him. The uncertainty and fear they had to face when fighting Humbaba against his strength and armor. Even with the protection of the god Shamash, weapons, intelligence and physical power there was no guarantee that they came out victorious in the battle. Though Shamash intervened for us, saying we had slain Humbaba and the bull with his consent (Jackson 39). At the end when the snake steals the plant of youth, it was not a plan of the gods but simply an event of bad fortune. Gilgamesh is the representation of the essence of the man, since it has strengths, fears, ambitions and flaws that every human being has. During the story, powerful emotions, such as love that Gilgamesh and Enkidu felt in their friendship, the pain of a loss in the hands of death, and the revenge of the gods to see the glorious tasks of the two friends. I greatly love my friend who was always there for me. I loved Enkidu who was always there for me.(Jackson 50) The desperation of Gilgamesh to reach immortality, which for him was something unattainable, and the fear of death can also be noticed. Finally the comfort that feels Gilgamesh arriving at his beloved city understanding the issues that have been big concerns in the history of human evolution, these being the meaning of life, the fear of death, and the search for immortality. The instincts of Gilgamesh and Enkidu lead us to a state of balance between the natural and the divine. This state can be found between the supreme and the animal and every human being has it. Gilgamesh lowers his attitudes of demigod and tyrant, becoming a being fearful, passionate, and filled with human feelings. Furthermore, Enkidu goes from an irrational position to a rational and emotional one. The two characters need each other, because they would never have reached the stage of humanization without the complementation of both.

Treatments for Heroine Addiction

Developments in the treatments for heroin addiction have recognized the importance of combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to provide comprehensive or holistic intervention and ensure better results. The treatment for heroin addiction also coincides with the stages of addiction so that during the initiation of use and continuous craving for heroin, the treatment is crisis intervention. In the stages of detoxification and relapse, the treatment is cure of heroin addiction, patient care, and cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorders.In crisis intervention, naloxene is used for non-fatal overdose while methadone or buprenorphine together with cardiopulmonary resuscitation for fatal overdose. In the cure for heroin and patient care, opioid-antagonist drugs such as methadone buprenorphine, naltrexone or naloxone are used as well as a2-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine, lofexidine. Vaccines that prevent the penetration of heroin into the blood-brain barrier are also being developed. In the cure of co-occurring conditions such as depression, HIV/AIDS, or psychosis, the drug treatment depends on effectiveness, combination effects, and side effects.In all these phases, psychosocial interventions through counseling, therapy and community programs as well as prescription and supervision over the drug treatment enhance results. The different treatments for heroin addiction depend on the stage of addiction and the co-occurring condition of the patient. Addiction to heroin develops is four phases. First is the initiation phase with p-opioid receptors and dopamine serve as reinforcements to drug abuse. Second is the continuous use and craving for heroin that involves various neurotransmitters including tc-opioid receptors, dopamine, corticotrophin-releasing hormones, and glutamate.The treatment in the first and second phases is crisis intervention intended to prevent and reverse overdoes. Third is detoxification together with withdrawal phase involving norepinephrene and glutamate. Fourth is the relapse into heroin use after a period of abstinence with norepinephrene and corticotropin-releasing hormones playing a role in brain stress and y-amino butyric acid and glutamate playing an important role in the compulsion towards relapse.Treatment for phase three and four involve cure of heroin addiction by addressing symptoms arising during the detoxification and relapse, patient care to normalize physiological functions, and cure of co-occurring physical or mental disorders. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a) Crisis intervention involves various interventions. In the case of non-fatal overdose, naloxone, which is a short-acting opioid-antagonist is recognized as effective in the treatment of respiratory depression and even coma in the case of patients experiencing heroin overdose (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b).Administration of naloxene can be made through intravenous or subcutaneous routes since studies show no significant d ifferent in results (Clarke, 2001). This supports peer administration of naloxene for heroin addicts in preventing fatal overdose (Lenton & Hargreaves, 2000). With regard to fatal overdose, cardiopulmonary resuscitation also helps as an intervention to prevent fatal overdose (Dietze et al. , 2002).However, an effective preventive treatment for fatal overdose is opioid-assisted interventions such as the maintenance of buprenorphine or methadone intake (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003b). Cure of heroin addiction involves the initial phase of detoxification that involves withdrawal from the use of heroin and the latter phase of relapse prevention that covers the maintenance of abstinence from heroin. During detoxification, methadone and buprenorphine are the primary pharmacological treatment. Methadone is an orally administered drug while buprenorphine is a sublingually administered drug.A review of studies show that both methadone and buprenorphine offers detoxification treatment benefi ts but the preference of some studies for methadone is its effectiveness while the preference for buprehorphine is its safety. Currently, there are no patient characteristic standards to determine the choice of medication so that factors such as availability, cost and convenience in administration apply in determining choice of treatment (Bigelow, 2005) Apart from these two medications, a2-adrenergic agonists, clonidine or lofexidine, could also support detoxification.Preference weighs in favor or lofexedine because of the lesser occurrence of hypotension so that this becomes a fitting substitute for methadone when this is not available in the prison context (Howells et al. , 2002). Moreover, increasing the period of detoxification is made through naloxone and/or naltrexone administered without anaesthesia or with heavy or full anaesthesia. Combining naloxone and/or naltrexone with a2-adrenergic agonists would improve and speed-up the detoxification process especially when nearing t he maintenance phase.There are withdrawal episodes but these are easier to resolve when occurring in the combined treatment than in the use of a2-adrenergic agonists alone. (Kosten & O’Connor, 2003) Administration of clonidine with naltrexone, followed by buprenorphine after stabilization has been found to lead to lesser withdrawal symptoms in patients (O’Connor et al. , 1997). In the case of anesthesia, the combination of anesthetics with drugs remains experimental with some studies finding no significant impact of anesthetics on detoxification (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a).In relapse prevention, the existing treatment uses opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone. However, effectiveness found little evidence from studies because most patients often withdraw from treatment after the withdrawal phase (Kirchmayer et al. , 2002). This means that naltrexone may be effective as treatment in preventing relapse in people committed to continue treatment until complete withdr awal. Naltrexone has also been found to lead to lesser withdrawal effects on pregnant women when compared to methadone (Hulse & O’Neill, 2002).There are also other issues arising in the use of naltrexone such as the possibility of inducing depression together with the possibility of overdose upon the discontinuation of this drug treatment (Ritter, 2002). This means the need to inform or warn patients regarding these issues. A developing treatment to prevent relapse are vaccines designed to raise antibodies that stop certain addictive substances such as heroin from penetrating blood-brain barrier and prevent relapse during the phase of abstinence (Bunce, 2005). However, this remains in the experimental stage.In patient care, the purpose is to stabilize the condition of the patient and reduce harm. Patient care could involve maintenance programs assisted by opiods such as methadone or buprenorphine, needle exchange programs, and user rooms. Opioids support treatment when admini stered in the right dosage and increasing the dosage of opioids could entail better effects (Johnson et al. , 2002) so that together with the provision of psychosocial support, such as counseling, therapy and community programs, effectiveness is ensured together with a lower right of premature withdrawal from the treatment program (Preston, Umbricht, & Epstein, 2000).In addition, prescription and supervision over the drug treatment have been found to increase the retention of patients for the completion of the treatment program (Ferri, Davoli, & Perucci, 2003). Integrating psychosocial support and supervision with the appropriate combination of drugs and drug dosage constitutes sound patient care for heroin addiction. In the cure of co-occurring physical and mental disorder depends on the condition of the patient. Conditions that can co-occur with heroin addiction are depression, HIV/ AIDS or psychosis.Again, in this area, a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial support in terventions is necessary to provide a complete treatment for heroin addiction. The consideration of the effectiveness of drugs, reaction with other drugs, and safety of the combined intake of different drugs together with the physical and mental impacts of the combined treatment deserve consideration in the determination of the particular treatment for heroin addiction of individual patients. (van den Brink & van Ree, 2003a)

Pedicure and Dressing Area

Client: Excuse me. Where would I find body lotion? Lucy: Body lotion? Have a look in the makeup section, in isle 4. Client: Actually, I did and there wasn't any. Lucy: I'm sorry. Let me get some from De back. Do you need anything else? Client: Yes. I couldn't find any nail file. Lucy: Ooh. I'm sorry, but we don't have any nail file at the moment. Client: Oh, no. Don't tell me that. Mom is going to kill me.I lost her nail file yesterday, so I need to get new one. Lucy: I'm sorry to hear that. Where is my nail file Let's see, it will be 80 dollars in all. But you can charge it to your room. Great. Thank you. By the way, how much will the massage and the facial? I don't have much cash on me. Sure. Let me show you to the dressing area. Mom. That's a long time. Can I get massage in the meantime? For around 20 minutes. How long do I have to wait? Of course, but you might have to wait. There's someone ahead of you.Good morning. WSDL it be possible to get facial? Can I help you, Ms' Mary: I' m Mary. I have a 4 o'clock appointment for a manicure with Lisa. Receptionist: get a facial in the meantime? Receptionist: I'm sorry we don't have anything until 5. Mary: Oh no. What about a massage. Receptionist: Yes. Please let me show you the dressing area. Mary: Thank you. One more question. Is it customary to tip the staff? Receptionist: Well, that's up to you. But most clients give one or two dollars.

Their Eyes Were Watching God - 1174 Words

Jefrey Zavala Mr.Amoroso Ap Literature Period:3 Their Eyes were Watching God:LAP #4 4.Analyze the Janie s relationships with her spouses. ï ¿ ¼ Love can be perceived as the feeling one feels under the sweetness of a blossoming pear tree, but through an unexpected path, such loving feelings are demolished.When an individual wants the perfect relationship such desires are forsaken by their way of life.Many individuals want to reach the Horizon where is not completely seen by the human eye but exists.In the novel Their eyes were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, protagonist Janie Crawford seeks for that horizon through her relationship with logan, Joe and tea cake.Just like the horizon love wasn t attained during her relationship with logan and joe but that love existed in her relationship with Tea cake. Janie s visionary scene under the blossoming pear tree aroused her sexual awakening where she seeks to find the utopia where she evolves around love.Her insularity feeling of love sets her adventurous mislead of marriages.The pear tree in the beginning of the novel provides Janie the imaginative feeling of love and path to follow, but that love decays after being forced to marry Logan Killicks, a wealthy old man, whom Janie has no love for. But Janie is assured by Nanny that her love for Logan will unfold, so Janie spontaneously marries Logan.Nanny having gone through the rough life of a slave black woman and experience the mistress of women, acknowledge the role ofShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1064 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant than death. In Zora Neale Hurston’s famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character Janie Crawford is plagued by the deaths of loved ones. 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